The New York Sun
When people vote for candidates, they are not just voting for an individual; they are voting for a party. I don't just mean in terms of control of the White House or Congress, but in a philosophical sense.
The two parties have very different philosophies on various issues and when one votes for a candidate of a particular party, one essentially is voting for that philosophy, regardless of the views of the individual candidate.
No matter what that candidate may say or believe personally, over time they eventually are forced to conform to their party's philosophy if elected.
On tax policy, it is pretty clear what the two major parties think. Democrats believe that the tax system should be used aggressively and systematically to equalize incomes.
Those at the top must be brought down by high tax rates, and those at the bottom should be lifted up by tax subsidies, such as the Earned Income Tax Credit.
Republicans, on the other hand, generally believe that the tax system exists mainly to raise the revenue needed to fund necessary government services and should not be used to implement social policy.
In principle, Republicans believe that we should have a tax system that interferes as little as possible with economic and social decision-making.
Obviously, both parties fall far short of their own ideals. Nevertheless, one can assume that tax policy will tend toward each party's philosophy if they are given the power to make policy.
Therefore, it is worth looking at specific tax policies to see how the two parties differ, as an indication of how they might act on a broad range of issues. A good example is the Alternative Minimum Tax.
The AMT grew out of testimony by the secretary of the Treasury, Joseph W. Barr, who served for about two months at the very end of Lyndon Johnson's administration.
Just days before Richard Nixon took office in January 1969, Barr used his position to publicize the fact that 155 wealthy taxpayers had avoided paying any federal income taxes in 1967 because of legal tax-avoidance techniques. This was considered a scandal that demanded legislative action.
In the Tax Reform Act of 1969, which Nixon stupidly signed into law, the AMT was first imposed. The idea was that if people were too aggressive in using tax deductions, credits, and exclusions, they should be punished, even if everything they did was perfectly within the law.
For example, if they put all their money into tax-exempt municipal bonds, the AMT forced them to pay federal income taxes, even though the tax-exempt status of municipal bonds was created intentionally to subsidize local governments.
It's also worth mentioning that everyone who buys municipal bonds pays a large de facto tax. This results from the fact that interest rates on municipal bonds are well below those on equivalent taxable bonds.
Therefore, buyers of municipal bonds always pay a tax equal to the difference between such bonds and taxable bonds. This difference will approximately equal the average marginal tax rate.
In 1986, largely at the behest of Democrats, the AMT was broadened into the form it is now. Taxpayers calculate their taxes under the ordinary income tax and again under the AMT and pay whichever yields the higher tax.
Under the AMT, many deductions that are legal under the ordinary income tax are disallowed. One of the most important is the deduction for state and local taxes. As a consequence, the AMT tends to heavily hit people who live in high-tax states like New York .
Indeed, some analysts have taken to calling the AMT the "Blue-State Tax," since most of the states hit hardest by the AMT are those where the Democratic Party is strongest, i.e., those that voted for Vice President Gore in 2000.
The real problem with the AMT is that its income thresholds are not indexed to inflation or real income growth. As a consequence, many of those who were considered rich in 1986 are simply middle class today.
This illustrates an important point about tax policy: Laws designed to soak the rich eventually end up hitting the middle class.
Since the middle class earns the vast bulk of the nation's income, any tax that significantly affects this segment of society is going to raise a lot of revenue. And so it is with the AMT. According to the Treasury Department, by 2013, the AMT will raise more revenue than the regular income tax.
This week, the House of Representatives will vote on fixing the AMT so that it will not affect as many taxpayers next year.
It will be interesting to see